Introduction<\/strong>
\nCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a tumor that arises from the epithelium of the bile ducts
\nand is the second most common type of liver cancer [1\u20133]. The incidence of CCA is increasing in many countries. The highest rates of CCA are found in northeastern Thailand due to
\nliver fluke infection [2\u20135]. In the United States, median overall survival is 8 and 4 months,
\nfor patients with extrahepatic and intrahepatic CCA, respectively [6]. CCA is a lethal
\nmalignancy due to its biologic aggressiveness, locally advanced disease at presentation and
\nhigh recurrence rate. The risk factors currently associated with CCA are heterogeneous, all
\nof which can induce cholestasis with chronic inflammation and pathophysiological aspects
\nunderlying the development of CCA [7]. Chronic inflammation is responsible for the genesis of CCA by promoting cholangiocyte proliferation [8,9]. Indeed, chronic inflammation
\nleads to immune activation with the release of cytokines and growth factors that induce the
\nrecruitment of immune cells and fibroblasts into the tissue microenvironment.
\n… (continua a leggere<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>